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The second group coexpresses pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and has stimulatory inputs to the VMH and inhibitory inputs to the LH. There is an indication that gut flora in obese and lean individuals can affect the metabolic potential. Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing optimal, overweight, and obese. Certain physical and mental illnesses and the pharmaceutical substances used to treat them can increase risk of obesity. One of the strongest is the link with type 2 diabetes. to eat when the stomach is empty and to stop when the stomach is stretched). Leptin and ghrelin are considered to be complementary in their influence on appetite, with ghrelin produced by the stomach modulating short-term appetitive control (i. BMI is usually expressed in kilograms per square metre, resulting when weight is measured in kilograms and height in metres. In the developing world urbanization is playing a role in increasing rate of obesity. Leptin is produced by adipose tissue to signal fat storage reserves in the body, and mediates long-term appetitive controls (i. Obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental conditions. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 95th. There are a number of theories as to the cause but most believe it is a combination of various factors. An association between viruses and obesity has been found in humans and several different animal species. The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that, due to dietary scarcity during human evolution, people are prone to obesity. Both groups of arcuate nucleus neurons are regulated in part by leptin. It is thought that in developed countries, the wealthy are able to afford more nutritious food, they are under greater social pressure to remain slim, and have more opportunities along with greater expectations for physical fitness. The strength of the link between obesity and specific conditions varies. to eat more when fat storages are low and less when fat storages are high). The correlation between social class and BMI varies globally. A comparison of a mouse unable to produce leptin thus resulting in obesity (left) and a normal mouse (right). In people with heart failure, those with a BMI between 30.
Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. In particular, they and other appetite-related hormones act on the hypothalamus, a region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. This apparent alteration of the metabolic potential is believed to confer a greater capacity to harvest energy contributing to obesity. e. No significant differences were seen among men of different social classes. Complications are either directly caused by obesity or indirectly related through mechanisms sharing a common cause such as a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle. The study of the effect of infectious agents on metabolism is still in its early stages. Many explanations have been put forth for associations between BMI and social class. Agricultural policy and techniques in the United States and Europe have led to lower food prices. Gut flora has been shown to differ between lean and obese humans. 0 and 34. e. In the United States the number of children a person has is related to their risk of obesity. 9 had lower mortality than those with a normal weight. While leptin and ghrelin are produced peripherally, they control appetite through their actions on the central nervous system. People with class I obesity and heart disease do not have greater rates of further heart problems than people of normal weight who also have heart disease. Their ability to take advantage of rare periods of abundance by storing energy as fat would be advantageous during times of varying food availability, and individuals with greater adipose reserves would be more likely to survive famine. A review in 1989 found that in developed countries women of a high social class were less likely to be obese. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. The disease scroll (Yamai no soshi, late 12th century) depicts a woman moneylender with obesity, considered a disease of the rich.
